As soon as the outside temperature falls below 0°C, the rain turns to snow and the water on the road becomes ice. This temperature is called the freezing point of water. Major snow removal operations then begin to make the roads less slippery for cars and the sidewalks passable for pedestrians.
Salt, by its scientific name calcium chloride (it is the chemical combination of the elements calcium and chlorine, different from table salt which is sodium chloride) is the main product used to de-ice roads. It acts very simply on water molecules by lowering their freezing point. Instead of becoming solid at 0°C, water mixed with salt remains liquid down to -12 degrees! When sodium chloride is applied to a snowy or icy road, the water becomes liquid again and the risk of slipping becomes limited.
Beyond this temperature, the salt is no longer effective. Sand is then used as an abrasive product so that the cars adhere better to the road.